Miguel Afonso Caetano<p>"Moving from the above, this study investigates whether and to what extent unlicensed AI training activities could be undertaken by relying, not on Article 4 DSMD as transposed into national law or a hypothetical reform of the UK system of exceptions, but rather on what appear to be so far potentially overlooked defences. Reference is made specifically to research and education exceptions, notably Article 3 DSMD and Article 5(3)(a) of Directive 2001/29 (InfoSoc Directive), also read in light of Article 5 DSMD. The discussion of other jurisdictions – including the US and countries, like South Korea and Singapore, which have adopted open-ended fair use-style defences – is also undertaken. This is done to determine whether unlicensed AI training, including training seemingly done for the purpose of research or education/learning, might be considered lawful.</p><p>In light of the context summarized above, the study tackles two key questions: (a) whether unlicensed AI training may be classified as “research” or even “learning” in the context of “teaching,” and (b) whether commercial AI developers may take advantage of the provisions above. Ultimately, both questions are answered in the negative, finding that no exception or open-ended defence fully covers unlicensed AI training activities. As a result, a licensing approach (and culture) appears to be the way for AI training to be undertaken lawfully, including when this is done for “research” and “learning.”"</p><p><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-risk-regulation/article/copyright-exceptions-and-fair-use-defences-for-ai-training-done-for-research-and-learning-or-the-inescapable-licensing-horizon/752DF1DB564AD1EDFE23BA8BB1110802" rel="nofollow noopener" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://www.</span><span class="ellipsis">cambridge.org/core/journals/eu</span><span class="invisible">ropean-journal-of-risk-regulation/article/copyright-exceptions-and-fair-use-defences-for-ai-training-done-for-research-and-learning-or-the-inescapable-licensing-horizon/752DF1DB564AD1EDFE23BA8BB1110802</span></a></p><p><a href="https://tldr.nettime.org/tags/EU" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>EU</span></a> <a href="https://tldr.nettime.org/tags/AI" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>AI</span></a> <a href="https://tldr.nettime.org/tags/GenerativeAI" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>GenerativeAI</span></a> <a href="https://tldr.nettime.org/tags/AITraining" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>AITraining</span></a> <a href="https://tldr.nettime.org/tags/Copyright" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Copyright</span></a> <a href="https://tldr.nettime.org/tags/CopyrightExceptions" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>CopyrightExceptions</span></a> <a href="https://tldr.nettime.org/tags/FairUse" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>FairUse</span></a></p>